Annotaions of Paper

Paper #1:

• May, W.S. et al. 1987. Antineoplastic bryostatins are multipotential stimulators of human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 84, No.23:8483-8487.
• Bryostatins are macrocyclic lactones, extracted from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina, and have been reported to be potent antineoplastic agents. The bryostatins may also be useful as stimulators of normal human hematopoietic cells since they can (i) directly stimulate bone marrow progenitor cells to form colonies in vitro and (ii) functionally activate neutrophils. Since the administration of antineoplastic agents can be limited severely by their inhibitory effects on normal bone marrow progenitor cells, we tested whether the bryostatins would inhibit hematopoietic progenitors or not.
• Bryostatins 1,3,8,9, and 13 were used for the experiments. May and collegues conducted experiments using the rHGMCSF, fetal calf serum, and purified bryostatinss and normal human bone marrow. Colony forming essays, clone transfer experiment, neutrophil chemiluminescence assay and neutrophil cytotoxity assey were preformed to see the effect of each bryostatin.
• We found that bryostatins can stimulate normal human bone marrow cells to form colonies in vitro.Since polypeptide colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are the known physiological stimulators of normal hematopoiesis, we compared these results with bryostatin to those for the multipotential recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rHGMCSF).
• Bryostatins 1, 3, 8, and 9 were found to mediate a dose dependent stimulation of Granulocyte-macrophage colony forming unit (CFU-GM) with the maximal effective concentration between 1and 100 nM. Bryostatin 13 was found inactive, and bryostatin 1 was the most effective. Analysis of colony morphology revealed that bryostatin 1, like rHGM-CSF, stimulated primarily mixed granulocyte-macrophage and pure granulocyte colonies at 7 and 14 days of culture. The stimulatory effect of bryostatin 1and rHGM-CSF is exerted directly.
• Bryostatin 1stimulated both early, BFU-E, and late, CFU-E,human erythroid progenitors grown in plasma clots. The maximal stimulatory concentration was between 1and 10 pM, with an inhibitory effect noted at concentrations above 1nM. Bryostatin 1, but not bryostatin 13, was found to be a potent activator of neutrophil chemiluminescence.
• May and colleagues concluded that bryostatins will, therefore, be useful as probes to help dissect the mechanism(s) involved in normal hematopoiesis, in particular those regulated by the multipotential GM-CSF.These agents may also prove useful for managing clinical situations related to neoplastic bone marrow failure states.

Paper #2:

• Gappa, J. L. 2000. Species Richness of Marine Bryozoa in the Continental Shelf and Slope off Argentina (South-West Atlantic). Diversity and Distributions, Vol. 6, No. 1:15-27.
• Species riches sampling in continental shelf and slope off Argentina shows that is has been biased towards area off Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego. And whether sufficient data has been published to determine bryozoan richness in those areas.
• A systematic bibliography and distributed records of bryozoans’ species from ecological literature were gathered into a database to analyze the bryozoans’ richness.
• The study was restricted to the continental and slope off Argentina area between 35˚ and 56˚S, and between the coast and 50˚W. Total numbers of benthic stations (with and without bryozoans) surveyed by the Shinkai Maru and the William Scoresby trawling cruises were counted
• Bryozoans were taken from 190 benthic stations and 31 coastal localities in the study area. Bryozoans were shown to be more frequent in the southern areas (mainly Santa Cruz and Tierra del Feugo) an intermediate number in Buenos Aires, and a low number of bryozoans in Rio Negro-Chubut. A total of 246 bryozoan species were recorded, 12 of which belong to O. Ctenostomatida, 43 to O. Cyclostomatida, and 191 species to the O. Cheilostomatida.
• A correlation between the number of bryozoans and latitude was positive, different from the Shinkai Maru data. Also the relationship between species number and depth was nonsignificant.
• Gappa concluded that the relationship between species number and depth did not show a simple monotonic trend, instead the richest stations occurred mainly between 80 and 120 depth. But a relationship between the distribution of sediment types in the Argentine continental shelf and the presence and diversity of bryozoans. Also that further study on environmental factors such as the availability of hard substrata that may be important in regulating the bathymetric distribution of bryozoans
• Also concluded that coastal localities comprise only 14% of the records. Wide coastal extensions have no published records of bryozoans. Moreover, data obtained during the two cruises showed that the southern shelf not only has been more thoroughly surveyed, but also shows the highest bryozoan diversity.

Paper #3:

• Okamura, B. 1992. Microhabitat Variation and Patterns of Colony Growth and Feeding in a Marine Bryozoan. Ecology, Vol. 73, No. 4:1502-1513
• Clonal and sessile nature of many animals have a probability of encountering neighboring organisms, but what is the influence of neighbors and flow regime on growth patterns and feeding rates of the bryozoan Electral pilosa? And are the patterns of feeding and growth related? It is predicted that there will be adaptive strategy displayed by E. pilosa.
• Electra pilosa is a cosmopolitan anascan bryozoan forming encrusting colonies on a variety of substrata, including fronds of the brown alga Fucus spp. There are highly variable morphologies observed in e. pilosa and are assumed to reflect environmentally induced. It has been suggest that star-shaped forms may result from rapid growth whereas more circular morphologies may be attained when growth is slow.
• E. pilosa colonies were studied in a series of 18 troughs in which three basic flow rates were effected using gravel-filtered seawater fmo Dalhousie University’s Aqautron system. Troughs consisted of 0.6 x 0.09m length of plastic rain gutter that held water depth of 1.-2cm.
• Neighbors inhibited growth, while flow velocity exerted a negative effect on growth rates of isolated colonies but had no influence on growth rates of colonies with neighboring E.pilosa upstream. No significant effects of neighborhood or flow on zooid dimensions.
• Growth responses displayed by E. pilosa did not display adaptive strategy model, there the prediction was nulled. Evidence that growth patterns resulted from feeding rated suggests a central role for the acquisition of food in the dynamics of benthic assemblages of suspension feeders.